What Runs on Rust

The language that replaced C++ where failure is unacceptable.

The State of Rust — 2026

Rust is everywhere you didn't look

Rust was voted the most admired language on Stack Overflow for 10 consecutive years (2016–2025). But admiration doesn't matter. What matters: Linux kernel, Windows kernel, Android, Firefox, Cloudflare, Discord, Figma, and the JavaScript build tools you use every day are all Rust now.

10×
Most admired (SO)
Linux
Kernel since 2022
21%
Android new native code
0
GC pauses

Operating Systems & Kernels Replacing C/C++ at the lowest level

Linux Kernel

First Rust merged into Linux 6.1 (Dec 2022). Drivers, filesystems, and modules. The biggest systems project on Earth is adopting Rust.

Linus Torvalds · 2022

Windows Kernel

Microsoft is booting Windows 11 with Rust inside. Rewriting kernel components from C++ to Rust for memory safety.

Microsoft · 2024

Android

21% of all new native code in Android 13+ is Rust. Keystore2, UWB stack, DNS-over-HTTP3, Virtualization Framework — all Rust.

Google · 2022

Firefox (Servo / Stylo)

The CSS engine (Stylo) and layout engine (Servo) are Rust. Firefox's most performance-critical path runs Rust, not C++.

Mozilla · 2017

Chromium

Google is integrating Rust into Chrome for security-critical components. Memory-safe code where exploits are most dangerous.

Google · 2023

Ubuntu

Ubuntu 25.10 ships sudo-rs (Rust sudo) by default. Canonical is replacing C utilities with Rust equivalents.

Canonical · 2025

JavaScript Tooling Rust is eating JavaScript

Turbopack

The default bundler in Next.js 16. 2-5x faster production builds, 10x faster Fast Refresh. Replaced webpack for Vercel's ecosystem.

Vercel · 2022

Vite 8

The dev server and build tool used by 31M+ weekly downloads. Vite 8 ships Rolldown as its default bundler — the entire pipeline is now Rust: Oxc parses, Rolldown bundles, Oxc minifies. One team, one toolchain, one AST.

VoidZero / Cloudflare · 2026

Rolldown

The Rust bundler that replaced both esbuild and Rollup inside Vite. Rollup plugin API compatible. 10-30x faster than Rollup. Shipped 1.0 stable May 2026. Also powers Vitest's build pipeline.

VoidZero / Cloudflare · 2026

SWC

Speedy Web Compiler. Transpiler and minifier 20-70x faster than Babel. Powers Next.js, Deno, and Parcel.

Vercel · 2020

Biome

First JS/TS linter with type-aware linting without tsc. Replaces ESLint + Prettier. GritQL plugins, monorepo support.

Community · 2023

Oxc

The parser, transformer, linter, and formatter at the heart of VoidZero. Oxfmt: 100% Prettier compatibility at 30x speed. Oxlint used by Shopify, Airbnb, and Mercedes-Benz. Shares one AST with Rolldown and Vite — no re-parsing.

VoidZero / Cloudflare · 2023

Rspack

Full webpack API compatibility at Rust speed. Hit 1.0 in Aug 2024. Used by TikTok, Discord, Microsoft, Amazon.

ByteDance · 2023

Lightning CSS

CSS parser, transformer, bundler, and minifier. The CSS engine inside Tailwind CSS v4. 5-8x faster builds.

Surma / Google · 2022

Turborepo

Monorepo build system. Incremental builds, remote caching, parallel task execution. The standard for JS monorepos.

Vercel · 2021

Cloud & Infrastructure The production backbone

Cloudflare Pingora

Replaced Nginx. 70% less CPU, 67% less memory. Handles 35M+ requests/sec across Cloudflare's entire edge network.

Cloudflare · 2024

AWS Firecracker

MicroVM runtime for Lambda and Fargate. Sub-125ms cold starts. Rust's zero-cost abstractions make it possible.

AWS · 2018

Discord

Switched from Go to Rust for read states. Tail latency dropped from 6ms spikes to 300μs. No more GC pauses.

Discord · 2020

Figma Multiplayer

Rewrote multiplayer server from TypeScript to Rust. 10x throughput. Real-time collaboration at Figma's scale.

Figma · 2022

Dropbox Sync Engine

Rewrote the heart of the sync engine from Python to Rust. Predictable performance, no GC pauses, smaller binaries.

Dropbox · 2016

Vector

High-throughput observability pipeline. Collects, transforms, and routes logs, metrics, and traces. Datadog's edge data layer.

Datadog · 2019

Databases Memory safety where data lives

TiKV

Distributed transactional key-value store. The storage engine behind TiDB. CNCF graduated project.

PingCAP · 2017

SurrealDB

Document + graph database with SQL-like queries. Real-time subscriptions. Multi-tenant by design.

SurrealDB · 2022

Neon

Serverless PostgreSQL. Separates storage and compute. Branching, autoscaling, and instant restore — all Rust.

Neon · 2021

DuckDB (components)

Embedded analytical database. Core query engine uses Rust for performance-critical paths. The SQLite for analytics.

DuckDB Labs · 2023

InfluxDB (IOx)

The next-gen storage engine for InfluxDB. Arrow + DataFusion + Rust. Time-series at scale.

InfluxData · 2021

RisingWave

Streaming database. SQL streaming with PostgreSQL wire compatibility. The "Snowflake for streaming."

RisingWave Labs · 2022

Developer Tools The tools that replaced Unix classics

ripgrep (rg)

Replaced grep. Blazingly fast recursive search. Used by VS Code, GitHub, and every Rust developer on Earth.

Andrew Gallant · 2016

fd

Replaced find. Simple, fast, user-friendly. Color output, smart defaults, ignore rules.

Jacob Gundersen · 2017

bat

Replaced cat. Syntax highlighting, git integration, automatic paging. The cat with wings.

David Peter · 2018

eza (exa)

Replaced ls. Modern listing with colors, git status, tree view, and recursive display.

Ben Sago · 2018

Alacritty

GPU-accelerated terminal emulator. The fastest terminal on any OS. Cross-platform.

Christian Duerr · 2017

WezTerm

GPU-accelerated terminal with Lua config, multiplexer, and tabs. Cross-platform, SSH-aware.

Wez Furlong · 2020

Zellij

Terminal workspace with sessions, panes, and floating windows. The tmux alternative for Rust devs.

Aram Drevekenin · 2021

Nushell

Structured data shell. Commands work on tables, not text. The PowerShell reimagined for Unix.

Jonathan Turner · 2019

Starship

Cross-shell prompt. Fast, minimal, customizable. Written once, works in bash/zsh/fish/powershell.

Matthias Endler · 2019

rust-analyzer

The Rust language server. IDE support for Rust. Itself a large Rust codebase — Rust eating itself.

Rust Team · 2019

Yazi

Blazing fast terminal file manager. Async I/O throughout. Handles 100k+ file directories.

sxyazi · 2023

mise

Development tool manager. Replaces nvm, pyenv, rbenv, goenv. One tool for all runtime versions.

Jeff Dickey · 2024

WebAssembly Rust's native habitat

Wasmtime

Production-grade WebAssembly runtime. Bytecode Alliance project. Runs WASI workloads in cloud and edge.

Bytecode Alliance · 2019

Wasmer

WebAssembly runtime with package manager (WAPM). Run WASM anywhere — browser, server, IoT, blockchain.

Wasmer · 2019

wasm-bindgen

Interop layer between Rust and JavaScript. The bridge that makes Rust-in-the-browser practical.

Rust+Wasm Team · 2018

Browsers & Web Security-critical paths

Firefox CSS Engine (Stylo)

Parallel CSS styling engine. Processes stylesheets across all CPU cores. Replaced the old C++ CSS engine.

Mozilla · 2017

1Password

Password manager core logic rewritten in Rust. Cross-platform: browser extensions, desktop, mobile — all Rust.

1Password · 2019

Tor (Arti)

The Rust implementation of Tor. Replacing the C Tor daemon. Memory safety for anonymity software.

Tor Project · 2022

Brave (components)

Brave browser uses Rust for ad-blocking engine and privacy-critical components.

Brave Software · 2020

Game Development Rust's creative side

Bevy

Data-driven game engine. ECS architecture. The most popular Rust game engine. Growing fast.

Cart · 2020

Fyrox

Feature-rich 3D game engine with editor. Scene editor, physics, animation, UI — production-ready.

Dmitry Stepanov · 2020

Veloren

Multiplayer voxel RPG. Open-source Minecraft-like game. Community-driven, multiplayer-first.

Veloren Team · 2018

AI & Machine Learning Rust's newest frontier

Candle

Minimalist ML framework by Hugging Face. Tensor operations in pure Rust. WASM-compatible.

Hugging Face · 2023

Burn

Deep learning framework. Flexible, dynamic graph computation. GPU and CPU backends.

Louis Tech · 2023

Linfa

Scikit-learn for Rust. Machine learning algorithms. Classification, clustering, dimensionality reduction.

Rust-ML · 2019

Surprise Picks You didn't expect these

Solana

High-performance blockchain. 65,000 TPS. The entire validator client is Rust. Where throughput matters most.

Solana Labs · 2018

Deno

JavaScript/TypeScript runtime. Written in Rust + TypeScript. Formatter, linter, and bundler — all Rust.

Ryan Dahl · 2018

Docker (components)

Docker is adopting Rust for performance-critical components. The container ecosystem is going multi-language.

Docker Inc. · 2023

Cloudflare quiche

HTTP/3 and QUIC implementation. Powers Cloudflare's HTTP/3 support. The cutting edge of web transport.

Cloudflare · 2019

Windmill

Open-source developer platform and workflow engine. Fast script execution, built for internal tools.

Windmill Labs · 2022

Claude Code / AI Agents

Rust is becoming the language AI coding agents write best. Fast compilation, strong types, no runtime errors.

Anthropic · 2025

Big Tech Internal The companies betting on Rust

Meta

Source control (Mononoke, Eden) handles billions of files. Buck2 build system. Rust at massive scale.

Google

Android, Chromium, Fuchsia. 21% of Android native code is Rust. Largest corporate Rust contributor.

Microsoft

Windows kernel, Azure infrastructure, sudo-rs. Recommends Rust for all new systems code.

Amazon

Firecracker, Bottlerocket, Lambda. AWS is Rust's biggest cloud adopter. Sponsors Rust Foundation.

Cloudflare

Pingora, quiche, Oxy, Workers. The entire edge network — 35M+ req/sec — is Rust.

Apple

Using Rust in core OS components. Swift interop. Memory safety for the world's most valuable company.

The Borrow Checker Was Right

Rust didn't ask permission. It just showed up and rewrote everything. The Linux kernel. The Windows kernel. Android. Firefox. Cloudflare's entire edge. Discord's backend. Figma's multiplayer. Every JavaScript build tool you use. The tools that replaced grep, find, cat, and ls.

The borrow checker that terrified developers for a decade turned out to be the strictest code reviewer you'll ever have — running at compile time, for free.

Rust's lesson: Memory safety isn't a nice-to-have. It's the price of admission.